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Greek Symbol
Set
Many of the sample sentences used to
illustrate the symbol set below are taken from the list of
pre-analyzed Greek sentences. These correspondences are clearly
marked by supplying the code number from the list of sentences (e.g.
G11.1) where relevant. When no such code is supplied, the examples
have been coined for the occasion. As a guide for the non-Greek
speaker, the forms which have been highlighted in the Greek
examples (for example, a discontinuous predicator) are matched as
closely as possible by equivalent highlighting in the English
translation. For the most part, there is a very good equivalence. But
in a few cases, marked by an opening !, the highlighted portion of
the English translation does not represent a one-to-one
equivalence.
KEY TO SYMBOLS
Functions (specified with CAPITAL letters)
Forms (specified with small letters)
The stacking convention
1. FUNCTIONS (SPECIFIED WITH CAPITAL LETTERS)
1.1. UTTERANCE (OR DISCOURSE) FUNCTIONS
We employ a very general cover symbol, UTT (for Utterance),
which can be used in place of any of the more specific five utterance
functions with which we operate: STA, QUE, COM, EXC, PER.
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STA
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Statement
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- I Athína íne
poli. (G11.1)
- 'Ime i daskála sas gia
ta eliniká. (G13.17.b)
- I óra íne tris.
(G15.23.b)
- 'Imaste.
(G13.12.b)
- 'Ochi, to écho
anági egó. (G20.50.b)
- Mu arési o kafés.
(G17.40.a)
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QUE
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Question
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- 'Echis tin óra?
(G13.10.a)
- 'Iste fititís?
(G13.11.a)
- Ti óra íne?
(G13.23.a)
- Vlépete tus
psarádes ke tis ginékes sti paralía?
(G17.38.a)
- Mu to dínis?
(G20.50.a)
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COM
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Command
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- 'Ase me ísicho! (Leave
me alone!)
- Akolúthise aftó
to amáxi! (Follow that car!)
- Síko páno re!
(Get up!)
- Skáse! (Shut
up!)
- Trécha!
(Run!)
- Mi! (Don't!)
- 'Exo! (Out!)
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EXC
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Exclamation
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- Aftó den íne
sostó! (That's not fair!)
- Poté xaná! (Never
again!)
- Theé mu! (My
God!)
- 'Ach! (Ouch!)
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PER
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Performative
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- Ke to ónoma aftú
Ioanis. (I christen this boy "John").
- Apoválese! (You're
out!)
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1.2. CLAUSE FUNCTIONS (that is, functions which constituents may
have within a clause)
1.2.1. BASIC CLAUSE FUNCTIONS
We operate with FIVE basic clause functions: S, P, O, A, C.
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S
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Subject
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- I Athína
íne poli. (G11.1)
- Esí to
échis? (G20.49.b)
- I archéa onomasía
tis Mitilínis íne
Lésvos. (G11.4)
- 'Ochi, to écho anagi
egó. (G20.50.b)
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P
|
Predicator
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- I Athína
íne poli.
(G11.1)
- 'Echo xanárthi
edó paliá . (I have
been here before)
- M' agapái. (She
loves me)
- Vges éxo!
(Get out!)
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O
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Object
NB: The label O is a cover symbol for different types of
object. As such it does not appear in analyses. (But see Od,
Of, and Oi.)
In the examples to the right, all the highlighted items
are examples of Od.
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- Tin Kiriakí den échume
máthima.
(G15.31.b)
- Ton agapái. (She
loves
him.)
- 'Echi fitités sti
Filosofikí Scholí. (G13.16)
- 'Ipe óti
évreche. (She said
that it was
raining.)
- Aftó to
epichírima den mu
arési.
(This argument I
don't like.)
- Xéris ti óra
íne? (Do you know
what time it is?)
- Thélume na fígume
tóra. (We want to
leave now.)
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A
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Adverbial
(NB: In our system, prepositional groups are never
indirect objects; where some grammarians speak here of Oi
(q.v.) we speak of A.)
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- Ton ída chtes. (I
saw him
yesterday.)
- Póte
érchete? (When
is he arriving?)
- 'Ela apo dó.
(Come this way.)
- Ton sinádisa sto
tréno. (I met him on
the train.)
- Distichós
árgise.
(Unfortunately, he was
late.)
- O piitís gráfi 2 vivlía
káthe 5 mínes.
(G20.48)
- Tin Kiriakí den
échume máthima. (G15.31.b)
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C
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Complement
NB: The label C is a cover symbol for different types of
complement. As such it does not appear in analyses. (But see
Cs and Co.)
In the examples to the right, all the highlighted items
re examples of Cs.
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- I Athína íne
póli. (G11.1)
- 'Ime i daskála
sas gia ta elliniká. (G13.17.b)
- O Socrátis ítan
énas perífimos
filósofos stin archéa Athína.
(G20.45)
- O Líncoln ítan
énas kalós
próedros. (Lincoln was
a good president.)
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1.2.2. ADDITIONAL CLAUSE FUNCTIONS
Three of the five basic functions can be further subdivided.
These are S,O, C. This gives rise to the following subtypes:
- S: S, Sf
- O: Od, Of, Oi
- C: Cs, Co
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1.2.2.1. TYPES OF SUBJECT
We tentatively distinguish between S, for Subject, and Sf, for
Formal (or Provisional) Subject. It is debatable whether Greek
has anything that can legitimately be called a "Formal Subject"
(corresponding, for example to English "it" in e.g. "It surprised me
that she was late"). However, we have employed this label for the
"missing Subject" of the so-called impersonal Greek syntactic
constructions, and for cases of subject displacement.
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S
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Subject
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S with no Sf:
- I Athína
íne poli. (G11.1)
- Esí to
échis? (G20.49.b)
- I archéa onomasía
tis Mitilínis íne
Lésvos. (G11.4)
- 'Ochi, to écho anagi
egó. (G20.50.b)
S in combination with Sf:
- Aftó itan chazó,
pu éfiges. (It was
stupid that you
left)
- Aftós ítan o dolofónos,
o Karnézis! (It was
the killer,
Karnézis!)
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Sf
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Formal (or Provisional) Subject
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- [ ] 'Ine
mesiméri. (G15.27)
- [ ]
Vréchi.
(It is raining)
- [ ] 'Echi
fitités sti Filosofikí Scholí.
(G13.16)
- Aftó ítan
chazó, pu éfiges.
(It was stupid that you
left)
- Aftós ítan
o dolofónos, o Karnézis!
(It was the killer,
Karnézis!)
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1.2.2.2 TYPES OF OBJECT
Where appropriate, we distinguish between the Direct Object
(Od) and the Indirect Object (Oi). Where necessary, we also
distinguish between the Real Object (Or) and the Provisional Object
(Op).
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Od
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Direct Object
NB1: This can appear on its own, in combination with Of
and in combination with Oi.
NB2: In our system, prepositional groups are never Od
(see A).
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Od with no other objects:
- Tin Kiriakí den échume
máthima.
(G15.31.b)
- Ton agapái. (She
loves
him.)
- 'Echi fitités sti
Filosofikí Scholí. (G13.16)
- 'Ipe óti
évreche. (She said
that it was
raining.)
- Aftó to
epichírima den mu
arési.
(This argument I
don't like.)
- Xéris ti óra
íne? (Do you know
what time it is?)
- Thélume na fígume
tóra. (We want to
leave now.)
Od in combination with Of:
- To theoró períergo,
óti ékane
tétio schólio. (I find it odd
that he would make such a
remark)
- To xérume apo kalí pigí,
óti tha báli
ipopsifiótita giá próedros.
(We have it on good authority that
he plans to run for the presidency)
Od in combination with Oi:
- 'Edosa ston aderfó mu
énan kenúrgio
ipologistí. (I gave my brother
a new computer)
- O patéras mu mu agórase
éna aeroporikó
isitírio. (My father bought me
a plane ticket) 'Ipe tis
Alíkis óti
th'argísi. (He told Alice
that he would be
late)
- Me rótise an
íxera tin apádisi. (She asked me
if I knew the
answer)
- 'Ipe tu fílu tu na di
énan dikigóro. (He advised his
friend to see a
lawyer)
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Oi
|
Indirect Object
NB: In our system, prepositional groups are never Oi
(see A).
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- 'Edosa ston aderfó
mu énan kenúrgio ipologistí.
(I gave my brother a new
computer)
- O patéras mu mu
agórase éna aeroporikó
isitírio. (My father bought
me a plane ticket)
- 'Ipe tis Alíkis
óti th'argísi. (He told
Alice that he would be
late)
- Me rótise an
íxera tin apádisi. (She asked
me if I knew the
answer)
- 'Ipe tu fílu tu
na di énan dikigóro. (He advised
his friend to see a
lawyer)
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Of
|
Formal (or Provisional) Objec
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- To theoró
períergo, óti ékane tétio
schólio. (I find it
odd that he would make such a remark)
- To xérume apo
kalí pigí, óti tha báli
ipopsifiótita giá próedros. (We have
it on good authority that he
plans to run for the presidency)
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1.2.2.3. TYPES OF COMPLEMENT
We distinguish between the Subject Complement (Cs) and the
Object Complement (Co).
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Cs
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Subject Complement
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- I Athína
íne póli.
(G11.1)
- I archéa onomasía
tis
Mitilínis
íne Lésvos.
(G11.4)
- 'Ime i kenúrja sas
daskála. (I am
your new
teacher)
- O Socrátis ítan
énas perífimos
filósofos stin archéa Athína.
(G20.45)
- O Líncoln ítan
énas kalós
próedros. (Lincoln was
a good president)
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Co
|
Object Complement
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- Prépi na to vápsis
prásino to
grasídi. (You should color the grass
green)
- Ton ekléxame
próedro. (We elected
him chairman)
- I thía mu vríke to kluví
ádio. (My aunt found
the bird cage empty)
- Ton ípan
Ivanóe. (They called
him Ivanhoe)
- Tus anakírixe
sizígus. (He
pronounced them man and
wife)
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1.2.3. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
The clause functions within subordinate clauses are the same as
those within main clauses, with one addition: SUB.
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SUB
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Subordinator
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- 'Ipe óti tha
erchótan. (She said
that she would be
here)
- An érthi pes
mu.(If he comes, let me
know)
- Anarotiéme an
échi díkio. (I wonder
whether he's right)
- 'Ine thimoménos
epidí den
égrapses. (He is angry
because you didn't
write)
- Djávasa to gráma
afú efige. (I read
the letter after he
left)
- Den íne tóso géros
óso nómiza.
(He is not as old as I
thought)
- 'Ine tóso plúsios
pu échi tésera
aftokínita. (He is so rich
that he owns four cars)
- 'Ipe tu fílu tu na
di énan
dikigóro. (He advised his
friend [ ]
to see a
lawyer)
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1.2.4. COMPOUND UNITS (paratagma)
A compound unit (or paratagma) contains two or more coordinated
words, groups or clauses. The functions within a compound unit are
CJT and CO.
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CJT
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Conjunct (or Conjunct)
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- Mathénis
mathimatikí ke
ageografía sti
ScholÌ. (G11.5)
- Mu arési o
musakás,
alá den mu
arési i retsína. (G11.8)
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CO
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Coordinator
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- Mathénis mathimatikÌ
ke geografÌa sti
ScholÌ. (G11.5)
- Mu arési o
musakás, alá
den mu arési i
retsína. (G11.8)
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1.3. GROUP FUNCTIONS (that is, functions which constituents may
have within a group)
A group is by definition a HEAD with one or more DEPENDENTS.
Consequently,in our system there are only TWO functions which
constituents may have within a group. These are H (Head) and D
(Dependent).
The basic groups can be recognized (and labeled) by the head of
the group.This gives us FIVE basic types of group:
- noun groups
- verb groups
- adjective groups
- adverb groups
- preposition groups
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1.3.1. NOUN GROUPS
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H
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Head
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- I kuvérta
íne vrómiki. (The
blanket is dirty)
- I saláta su
fénete nóstimi. (Your
salad looks
delicious)
- Agórase éna
portokáli. (He bought
an orange)
- Aftá ta
vivlía íne
diká mu. (These books
are mine)
- 'Echase tría
dolária. (He lost
three dollars)
- Aftés íne katapliktikés
fotografíes. (Those
are lovely
pictures)
- Rúcha pu
djalégi i Alíki íne pánda
akrivá. (Clothes that
Alice selects are always expensive)
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D
|
Dependent
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- I kuvérta
íne vrómiki.
(The blanket is
dirty)
- I saláta
su fénete
nóstimi. (Your salad
looks delicious)
- Agórase
éna portokáli.
(He bought an
orange)
- Aftá ta
vivlía íne diká mu.
(These books are
mine)
- 'Echase tría
dolária. (He lost
three dollars)
- Aftés íne
katapliktikés
fotografíes. (Those are
lovely pictures)
- Rúcha pu djalégi
i Alíki íne pánda
akrivá. (Clothes that Alice
selects are always expensive)
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1.3.2. VERB GROUPS
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H
|
Head
|
- Tha fígo
ávrio. (I will leave
tomorrow)
- 'Echo afísi to
amáxi stis Alíkis. (I have
left the car at
Alice's)
- 'Ochi, to écho
anági egó. (G20.50.b)
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D
|
Dependent
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- Tha fígo
ávrio. (I will leave tomorrow)
- 'Echo afísi to
amáxi stis Alíkis. (I have left the car at
Alice's)
- 'Ochi, to écho
anági egó.
(G20.50.b)
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1.3.3. ADJECTIVE GROUPS
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H
|
Head
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- 'Itan arketá
logikí. (She was
quite reasonable)
- Gjatí íne to spíti tóso
krío? (Why is the
house so cold?)
- Poté den ton ída pjo
anastatoméno. (I
never saw him more
upset)
- 'Ine tútes arketá
megáles? (Are these
big enough?)
- 'Ine tóso
plúsios pu
échi tésera amáxia. (He is so
rich
that he owns four
cars)
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D
|
Dependent
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- 'Itan arketá
logikí. (She was
quite
reasonable)
- Gjatí íne to spíti
tóso krío?
(Why is the house so
cold?)
- Poté den ton ída
pjo anastatoméno. (I
never saw him more
upset)
- 'Ine tútes
arketá
megáles? (Are these
big
enough?)
- 'Ine tóso
plúsios pu échi
tésera amáxia.
(He is
so
rich that he owns four
cars)
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1.3.4. ADVERB GROUPS
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H
|
Head
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- Milás exeretiká
kalá. (You speak
remarkably well)
- Póso
áschima chtípises?
(How badly were you
hurt?)
- Tragudás polí
dinatá. (You sing too
loudly)
- Den borí na tréxi tóso
grígora óso
egó. (He can not run as
fast as I can)
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D
|
Dependent
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- Milás
exeretiká
kalá. (You speak
remarkably
well)
- Póso
áschima
chtípises? (How
badly were you
hurt?)
- Tragudás
polí dinatá.
(You sing too
loudly)
- Den borí na tréxi
tóso grígora
óso egó. (He
can not run as fast
as I can)
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1.3.5. PREPOSITION GROUPS
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H
|
Head
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- I Sapfó íne
apó ti
Mitilíni. (G11.9)
- 'Elava gráma
apó to patéra
mu cthes. (I received a letter
from my father
yesterday)
- 'Ime i daskála sas
giá ta
eliniká. (G13.17.b)
- Gja pjo vivlío
milás? (Which book are you talking
about?)
- I giagiá xéri to manávi
apó paliá.
(G17.39)
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D
|
Dependent
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- I Sapfó íne apó
ti Mitilíni.
(G11.9)
- 'Elava gráma apó
to patéra mu cthes.
(I received a letter from my
father yesterday)
- 'Ime i daskála sas
giá
ta eliniká.
(G13.17.b)
- Gja pjo vivlío
milás? (Which book
are you talking about?)
- I giagiá xéri to
manávi apó
paliá. (G17.39)
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2. Forms (specified with small letters)
We operate with THREE types of forms: cl, g, "word
class".
2.1. Clause
Clause is abbreviated "cl", which can represent a main clause
or a subordinate clause.
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cl
|
clause
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- Pu pigéni?
(Where is he
going?)
- 'Ime i daskála sas gia
ta eliniká. (G13.17.b)
- 'Ela edó!
(Come
here!)
- Anarotjéme pu
pigéni. (I wonder
where he is going)
- Tha íthele na
episkeftí ti Galía mia méra.
(She would like to visit France
some day)
- Apagorévete
na psarépsis s' aftí ti prokiméa.
(Fishing from this pier is forbidden)
- An échis kamjá
amfivolía,
djávase tis odigíes.
(If in doubt, read
the instructions)
- I Athína íne
poli. (G11.1)
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2.2. Group
Group is abbreviated "g", which can represent a noun group, a
verb group, an adjective group, an adverb group, or a preposition
group. Since the type of group is uniquely determined by the nature
of the head (e.g. a noun group is a group with a noun as its head),
it is not necessary to write e.g. ng (for noun group) or vg (for verb
group). All five types of group are illustrated below:
|
g
|
group
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- I saláta su
fénete
nóstimi. (Your
salad looks delicious)
- 'Echo afísi to
amáxi stis Alíkis. (I have
left the car at
Alice's)
- 'Ine aftá arketá
megála? (Are these
big enough?)
- Póso
áschima
chtípises? (How
badly were you
hurt?)
- Mólis pérases me
kókino. (You just went
through a red
light)
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2.3. Word classes
We operate with 10 word classes. Each of these is illustrated
below:
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n
|
noun
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I
saláta
su
fénete nóstimi.
(Your salad looks
delicious)
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|
v
|
verb
|
Píga sti Rómi.
(I went to Rome)
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adj
|
adjective
|
'Ine aftá
arketá
megála? (Are these
big enough?)
|
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adv
|
adverb
|
'Efige chtes. (He left
yesterday)
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art
|
article
|
Na to vivlío pu
épsachnes. (Here is the
book you were looking for)
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pron
|
pronoun
|
Pu íne to isitírio
su? (Where is
your ticket?)
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prp
|
preposition
|
Mólis pérases me
kókino. (You just
went through a red light)
|
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conj
|
conjunction
|
'Ise aristeróchiras i
dexióchiras? (Are you left-handed
or right-handed?)
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|
num
|
numeral
|
'Echo tría
pedjá. (I have three
children)
|
|
intj
|
interjection
|
'Ach!
Ponái!
(Ouch! That
hurts)
|
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3. The stacking convention
It is often the case, particularly when coordinating conjunctions
are involved, that constitutents seem to come together to form a
syntactic unit which does not fall within our list of recognized form
and/or function labels. There are several potential solutions to the
problems created thereby. One such solution we call the "stacking
convention". In this convention we use a capital X for an otherwise
unspecified function, and a small x for an otherwise unspecified
form:
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X
|
FUNCTION STACK
|
Example of X:cu
O Iisús íche
mitéra ti María ke
patéra ton Iosíf.
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x
|
form stack
|
Example of CJT:x (twice)
O Iisús íche
mitéra ti María
ke patéra ton
Iosíf.
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