GrammarSoft ApS

Arabic Symbol Set

DANSK - DANISH

Functions (specified with CAPITAL letters)

Utterance (or discourse) Functions: STA, QUE, COM, EXC, PER. Basic Clause Functions: S, V, O, P, A. Additional Clause Functions:

Types of Subject: S, <S>. Types of Object: O1, O2, O3. Types of Adverbial: A, Ac, Ah, Ap, At.

Subordinate Functions: SUB. Compound Units Functions: CJT, CO. Group Functions:

Noun Groups Verb Groups Adjective Groups Preposition Groups

Forms (specified with small letters)

Clauses: cl Groups: g Word classes: n, v, adj, adv, art, pron, prep, conj, part Additional Clause Forms:

Types of Clause: clv, cln<-v>, cln<v>, cl Types of Pronoun: pron-pers, pron-pos, pron-dem, pron-rel

1.1. UTTERANCE (OR DISCOURSE) FUNCTIONS ->top

We operate with FIVE utterance functions: STA, QUE, COM, EXC, PER.

STA	Statement	waSala 'ams. maa fahimt al-su'aal. sa-'arja* ba*D saa*a. laa.
QUE	Question	hal ta*rif ism hadha al-rajul? man huwa ibn khalduun? maa ra'i-ki fii hadhihi al-qaSSa? madha tuHib an ta'kul? limaadha darast al-lugha al-*arabiyya? mataa tarji*? kam al-saa*a?
COM	Command	mamnuu* al-tadkhiin! ijlis min faDlak! uskutuu! laa tadhhab! linadhhab hayaa! mahlaan! hadhaari 'an tatakallam!
EXC	Exclamation	'abadan fii Hayaatii! ghayr ma*quul! allaahu akbar! maa 'ajmal al-bint!
PER	Performative	a*lantukumaa zawjayn 'asmaytu-hu "Mohammed"

1.2.1. BASIC CLAUSE FUNCTIONS

We operate with FIVE basic clause functions: S, V, O, P, A.

S	Subject	al-yaman balad *arabiy 'ana Taliba fii al-jaami*a waSala al-ra'iis ilaa al-qaahira 'ams
V	Verbal*	'uHibb al-Ta*aam al-*arabiy. la 'a*rif man hadha. yajib 'an takuun musta*id fii al-saa*a al-saadisa. man kataba hadha al-kitaab? ijlisuu hunaak!
O	Object	'arsala al-rajul al-risaala 'ams 'uHibbu-hu kathiiran la 'a*rif man hadha qultu la-hu 'inna al-bint kaanat mariiDa
P	Predicate	al-niil nahr Tawiil al-jaww mushmish huwa 'ustaadh fii al-jaami*a kanaat al-bint jamiila jiddan aSbaHa al-walad 'akbar wa 'akbar
A	Adverbial	shaahadtu al-bint 'ams. mataa nabda' al-dars? qaabaltu-hu fii al-shaari*. l-il-asaf al-shadiid lan 'arji* qultu la-hu 'inna al-mushkila kaanat Sa*ba.

Three of the five basic functions can be further subdivided. These are S,O, A. This gives rise to the following subtypes:

• S: S, <S>
• O: O1, O2, O3
• A: A, Ac, Ah, Ap, At

1.2.2.1. TYPES OF SUBJECT

We distinguish between Subjects which are formally expressed, S, and subjects implied in the verb <S>.

S	Subjectx	'anaa salwa jamaal Taalib fii al-jama*a miSr dawla *arabiyya yatakallam al-rajul fii al-haatif 'ams kataba hadha al-rajul risaalatan Tawiila al-bint allatii 'a*rifu-haa darasat al-lugha al-inkliiziyya fi al-madrasa
<S>	Subject implied in the verb	ta'allamtu al-lugha al-*arabiyya fii miSr maa fahima al-dars mataa sa-tarji*?

^x In traditional Arabic grammar, the subject is further subdivided into subjects in nominal sentences (mubtada') and subject in verbal sentences (faa*il). This distinction is ignored in this transliteratied version of Arabic VISL.

1.2.2.2 TYPES OF OBJECT

Where appropriate, we distinguish between first, second and third objects (O1, O2 and O3)

O1	First object	kataba al-mudiir rasaalatan darasat al-bint al-waajib 'afhama al-mudarris al-Tullaab al-baHth 'a*Taa al-walad Sadiiqahu hadiyyatan
O2	Second object	'acTaa al-walad Sadiiqahu hadiyyatan 'afhama al-mudarris al-Tullaab al-baHth
O3	Third object	'afhama al-mudarris al-Tullaab al-baHth waafiyyan

1.2.2.3 TYPES OF ADVERBIAL

We distinguish between the specific arabic constructions maf*uul muTlaq or cognate adverbials (Ac), Haal or circumstancial advebials (Oh), maf*uul lahu or adverbials of purpose (Op) and tamyiiz or adverbials of specification (Ot). For further definition, go to the closed corpus and click the definition-link of your choise.

A	Adverbial	sa-uqaabilu-haa ghadin mataa 'arsalti al-risaala? lam yusaafir al-rajul ilaa bilaadi-hi
Ac	Cognate adverbial - maf*uul muTlaq Cognate adverbials consist of a verbal noun derived from the verb used in the sentence as a dependant.	taqaddamat al-Sinaa*a taqadduman kabiiran intasharat al-lugha al-'injliiziyya intishaaran waasi*an 'anaa 'aHtarim mudarrisii kull al-iHtaraam istaqbala al-ra'iis al-Duyyuuf aHsan istiqbaal
Ah	Circumstancial adverbial -Haal Circumstancial adverbials describe the circumnstances at the time when the action of the main verb takes place. It usually refers to the subject of the sentece (the faa*il), though it can refer to objects or objects of prepositions.	dakhala al-rajul al-bait wa huwwa yaHmilu kutuba-hu dakhala al-rajul al-bait wa fii yaddi-hi kutuba-hu dakhala al-rajulu al-bait Haamilan kutuba-hu raja*a al-rajulu ilaa baladi-hi mutazawwijan
Ap	Adverbial of purpose - maf*uul lahu Adverbials of purpose describe the purpose of the action expressed by the main verb.	saafara 'ilaa 'amriika baHthan *an *amal iftaHa al-waziir maktaba jadiida tashjii*an l-il-*ilm
At	Adverbial of specification - tamyiiz	ja'a ishruuna rajulan al-sa*uudiyya 'akthar 'intaajan l-il-bitruul min al -kuwait 'anaa 'aqall min-ka tajribatan al-quds madiina muhimma diiniyan

The clause functions within subordinate clauses are the same as those within main clauses, with one addition: the subordinator (SUB).

SUB

Subordinator

qaala l-ii 'inna-hu kaana mariiD qaalat 'inna-haa satakuun hunaa 'akhbir-nii 'idha ja'a 'atasaa'al 'in kaana 'alaa haq huwa ghaDib li'anna-ka lam taktub la-hu qara'tu al-risala ba*d 'an kharaja huwa laysa kabiiran kamaa taSawwart huwa ghaniy li-daraja 'anna-hu yamluk sit sayyarat

A compound unit contains two or more co-ordinated words, groups or clauses (CJT) joint by a co-ordinator (CO).

CJT	Conjunct	'anaa 'askun fii al-qaahira 'amma 'usrat-ii taskun fii 'iskandariyya lam yakuun ghabii faqaT bal kasuul 'ayDan
CO	Co-ordinator	'anaa 'askun fii al-qaahira 'amma 'usrat-ii taskun fii 'iskandariyya lam yakuun ghabii faqaT bal kasuul 'ayDan

A group is by definition a HEAD with one or more DEPENDENTS. Consequently, in our system there are only TWO functions which constituents may have within a group. These are H (Head) and DEP (dependent).

The basic groups can be recognized (and labeled) by the head of the group.This gives us four basic types of group:

• noun groups
• verb groups
• adjective groups
• preposition groups

H	Head	al-bint danimarkiyya kitaabu-ka muthiir jiddan ishtaraa sayyara jadiida hadhihi al-kutub ghaaliyya al-sayyara allatti ishtaraytu-haa Hamra'
DEP	Dependent	al-bint danimarkiyya kitaabu-ka muthiir jiddan ishtaraa sayyara jadiida hadhihi al-kutub ghaaliyya al-sayyara allatti ishtaraytu-haa Hamra'

H	Head	kaanat al-bint taqra' al-qur'aan yawm al-jum*a kuntu 'uriid 'an 'aquul la-ka inna-nii 'uHibbu-ka sa-'arji* ba*d saa*a kaana yaTlub diinaaran min-nii *indama waSaltu kaana al-film qad bada'a
DEP	Dependent	kaanat al-bint taqra' al-qur'aan yawm al-jum*a kuntu 'uriid 'an 'aquul la-ka inna-nii 'uHibbu-ka sa'arji* ba*d saa*a kaana yaTlub diinaaran min-nii *indama waSaltu kaana al-film qad bada'a

H	Head	Kaanat ma*quula tamaman maa shaahadtu-hu ghaDbaan mithla dhalik al-waajib jayyid jiddan tadrus akthar min al-laazim hal huwa kabiir bidaraja kafiya? hiya laysat munasiba 'abadan
DEP	Dependent	Kaanat ma*quula tamaman maa shaahadtu-hu ghaDbaan mithla dhalik al-waajib jayyid jiddan tadrus akthar min al-laazim hal huwa kabiir bidaraja kafiya? hiya laysat munasiba 'abadan

H	Head	mataa tadhhab 'ilaa al-qaahira? istaqbaltu risaalatan min 'abii 'ams al-ra'iis clinton mashhuur fii al-*aalam al-*arabiy HaSalat al-Taaliba *alaa shahaadat al-duktuuraah
DEP	Dependent	mataa tadhhab 'ilaa al-qaahira? istaqbaltu risaalatan min 'abii 'ams al-ra'iis clinton mashhuur fii al-*aalam al-*arabiy HaSalat al-Taaliba *alaa shahaadat al-duktuuraah

We operate with three types of forms: cl, g, "word class".

2.1. CLAUSES -> top

Clause is abbreviated "cl", which can represent a main clause or a subordinate clause, finite or non-finite. As in traditional Arabic grammar, we distinguish between two main types of clauses: verbal clauses, clv, which start with a verb, and nominal clauses, cln, which start with a noun. The latter is further subdivided into clauses which contain a verb, cln<v>, and clauses which do not contain a verb, cln<-v>.

It should be noted that, when deciding the type of clauses, we disregard all sentence initial adverbials (adverbs, prepositional groups, negations etc).

clv	verbal clause	'a*rif 'ayna al-maT*am shaahada al-rajul bintan jamiilatan fi al-shaari* kunt 'uriid 'an 'aquul la-ka 'inna-nii 'uHibbuka ijlis hunaa! 'ams shaahadtu al-bint mataa nabda' al-dars?
cln<-v>	nominal clause without verb	'anaa Taalib fii jaami*at al-qaahira ism-ii muhammad miSr dawla *arabiyya
cln<v>	nominal clause containing a verb	al-rajul shaahada bintan jamiilatan fi al-shaari* 'anta tuHibbunii al-mara'a al-sa*uudiyya la tatamakkan min al-mashii fii al-shaari* biduun zawjihaa qultu la-hu 'inna-nii kunt mariiDa
cl	subordinated or coordinated clause	qultu la-hu 'inna-nii 'uHibbu-haa 'akaltu al-Ta*m alladhi Tabakhat 'umm-ii

Group is abbreviated "g", which can represent a noun group, a verb group, an adjective group, or a preposition group. Since the type of group is uniquely determined by the nature of the head (e.g. a noun group is a group with a noun as its head), it is not necessary to specify the type of group. The four types of groups are illustrated below:

g

group

zawjat-ii jamiila kaana yaqra' al-jariida 'asbaHa al-walad kabiir jiddan 'istaqbala al-za'iruun fii al-maTaar

We operate with 11 word classes. Each of these is illustrated below:

n	noun	'inna al-bint jamiila
v	verb	'istaqbala-hum fii almaTaar 'ams
adj	adjective	'inna al-bint jamiila
adv	adverb	istaqbala-hum fii al-maTaar 'ams
art	article	'inna al-bint jamiila
pron	pronoun	'istaqbala-hum fii al-maTaar
prep	preposition	'istaqbal-hum fii al-maTaar 'ams
conj	conjunction	hal waSala b-il-Taa'ira aw b-il-qiTaar?
part	particle	'inna al-bint jamiila

The word class "pronoun" can be further subdivided into the following subtypes:

• pron-pers
• pron-pos
• pron-dem
• pron-rel

2.4.1 TYPES OF PRONOUN:

pron-pers	personal pronoun	'anaa 'uHibbu-ki
pron-pos	possesive pronun	yaHtarim al-Tullaab mudarrisa-hum
pron-dem	demonstrative pronoun	qara'tu hadha al-kitaab marraat kathiira
pron-rel	relative pronoun	'uHibbu al-bint allatii taskun hunaak