| Arabic VISLSentence AnalysisEdutainment |
The Arabic transliterated corpus |
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How to use the transliterated corpus:
About the transliterated corpus: The Arabic transliterated corpus consists at the present time of 200 sentences. The sentence analyses use Western grammatical terminology such as subject, verb, object.... etc. (as opposed to the Arabic grammatical tradition). The corpus is based on the vocabulary of "Elementary Modern Standard Arabic" (vol. 1), by Peter Abboud et al. (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1968). For more information about the Arabic VISL, choose The Arabic VISL (in Danish). |
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1. Noun clauses without verbs
(abbr.: cln<-v>)
->
top
TR1.2
hiya muwaZZafa
TR1.3
huwa miSriy
TR1.4
hadhihi hiya al-maktaba
TR1.5
hunaak qalam
TR1.6
hadhaa baab
TR1.7
fii al-kitaab Suura
TR1.8
'ayna al-maktab ?
TR1.9
hal 'anta suudaaniy ?
TR1.10
'inna al-rajul kariim
2. Noun clauses containing verb (abbr.: cln <v>) -> top
TR2.1
al-ra'iis yazuur faransaa
TR2.2
al-wuzaraa' baHathuu al-mushkila
TR2.3
al-wuzaraa' *aqaduu ijtimaa*an 'ams
TR2.4
al-*amiid yamnaH al-Tullaab shahaadaat al-yawm
TR2.5
al-malika ijtama*at b-il-wuzaraa' 'ams
TR2.6
al-ra'iis yusaafir ghadan 'ilaa faransaa
TR2.7
'anaa 'asta*id l-il-intikhaabaat
TR2.8
'anti tuSbiHiina 'ajmal ma*a "loreal"
TR2.9
'anta tuHaafiZ *alaa al-sayyaara ma*a "shell"
TR2.10
"loreal" tamnaHu-ki 'ajmal al-alwaan
TR2.11
la*alla al-jaw yataHassan
3. Verb clauses (abbr.: clv) -> top
TR3.1
jaa' al-mudarris
TR3.2
sharibtu al-qahwa
TR3.3
yaqra' al-Taalib kitaaban
TR3.4
mataa kataba al-kaatib al-maqaala?
TR3.5
manaHat al-dawla al-fuqaraa' al-musaa*adaat
TR3.6
tamnaH al-jaami*a al-Tullaab shahaadaat *ind al-takharruj
TR3.7
'a*Taytu-hu al-kitaab fii al-madrasa
TR3.8
'a*jaba al-film al-mushaahidiin
TR3.9
waSala al-zaa'iruun 'ilaa al-matHaf
TR3.10
tabda' al-sikriitiiraat al-*amal SabaaHan
TR3.11
sa-tuntij al-maSaani* sayyaaraat jadiida hadhaa al-*aam
TR3.12
hal baHathtum *an al-kitaab fii al-maktaba?
TR3.13
fii al-SabaaH yaqra' 'ab-ii al-jaraa'id
TR3.14
khudh al-qalam
TR3.15
'uktubii al-risaala
TR3.16
idhhabuu 'ilaa al-madrasa
TR3.17
li-nadhhab 'ilaa al-jaami*a
TR3.18
fa-l-nadhhab 'ilaa al-jaami*a
TR3.19
'a*Tii-nii 'iyyaahaa
TR3.20
wulida fariid fii bayruut
TR3.21
limaadhaa tu*tabar tuunis baladan siyaaHiyyan?
4. Negated clauses -> top
TR4.1
lastu muwaZZafan
TR4.2
al-kitaab laysa qadiiman
TR4.3
laysa fariid al-mudarris
TR4.4
laysa fii al-kitaab Suura
TR4.5
laysat fii al-kitaab Suura
TR4.6
laysa hunaak qalam
TR4.7
laa Taalib naajiH
TR4.8
huwa miSriy, 'a-laysa kadhaalik ?
TR4.9
la yuHibb al-qahwa
TR4.10
laa tadkhul al-daar
TR4.11
laa tatakallamuu athnaa' al-muHaaDara
TR4.12
lam yusaafir al-ra'iis
TR4.13
al-wuzaraa' lam yajtami*uu fii bayruut
TR4.14
al-malik lan yastaqbil al-wuzaraa' ghadan
TR5. Noun groups (abbr.:g) -> top
TR5.1
al-bint al-Saghiira jamiila
TR5.2
hal katabat al-sikiirtiira al-jadiida hadhihi al-risaala?
TR5.3
al-'adiib al-mashhuur yaSil ghadan
TR5.4
shaahadtu filman jadiidan 'ams
TR5.5
al-sayyaara 'amaam al-daar al-jadiida wa al-*aaliya
TR5.6
ra'iis al-jumhuuriyya *aqada ijtimaa*an Tawiilan ma*a al-wuzaraa'
TR5.7
yaSil mudiir al-madrasa al-jadiid al-yawm
TR5.8
sayyaara al-mudiir al-jadiida khalf al-madrasa
TR5.9
al-bint al-Saghiira jamiila al-wajh
TR5.10
kul sha*b la-hu *aadaatu-hu wa taqaaliidu-hu
TR5.11
'a-hadhaa qalamu-ka yaa mudarris al-Saf?
TR5.12
man zawju-ki 'ayyatu-haa al-mar'a?
TR5.13
maa ismu-ka yaa 'ustaadh?
TR5.14
qalam man hadhaa?
TR5.15
'ay kitaab qara'ta?
TR5.16
mawduu* muHaaDara al-yawm huwa Huquuq al-mar'a al-*arabiyya
TR5.17
takallamtu ma*a 'abii-ka 'ams
TR5.18
hal waSala 'akhuu-ki?
TR5.19
shaahadtu 'abaa-hum fii dhalika al-shaari*
TR5.20
zaara-nii 'aHad al-'aSdiqaa' 'ams
TR5.21
sanuqaabil 'iHdaa Sadiiqaati-naa 'amaam al-madrasa
TR5.22
sawfa yalbasuun nafs al-malaabis ghadan
TR5.23
shaahadtu kilaa al-rajulayn fii al-maktab
TR5.24
al-malik Husayn istaqbala al-ra'iis klintun
TR5.25
lan yatazawwaj hadhaa al-rajul tilka al-mar'a 'abadan
TR5.26
lam yaHduth mithl hadhaa min qabl
TR5.27
lam yaHDur ba*D al-Tullaab al-yawm 'ilaa al-madrasa
TR5.28
lam yanjaHuu li-*adam al-ta*aawun bayna-hum
6. Adjective groups (abbr.: g) -> top
TR6.1
al-Suura jamiila jiddan
TR6.2
hal huwa mashhuur bi-shakl kabiir?
TR6.3
'anaa 'aTwal min 'akh-ii
TR6.4
al-vatiikaan 'aSghar dawla fii al-*aalam
TR6.5
al-'ahraam 'akbar maa shaahadtu min 'aathaar
TR6.6
al-ra'iisaan kharajaa masruurayn kathiiran min al-ijtimaa*
TR6.7
kaanat al-mudiira awwal man qaabala-nii fii al-maktab
TR6.8
al-daar laysat ba*iida *an al-madrasa
TR6.9
lam 'ara-hu sa*iidan 'abadan mithl al-yawm
TR6.10
hiya ghayr jamiila wa ghayr laTiifa 'ayDan
7.Verb groups (abbr.: g) -> top
TR7.1
kaana yaqra' al-jariida fii maktabi-hi *aadatan
TR7.2
maadha kunta sa-taquul *inda'idhin?
TR7.3
lam takuunii taquuliin shay'an 'abadan
TR7.4
limaadhaa 'akhadha al-rajul yaDHak kathiiran?
TR7.5
al-wuzaraa' bada'uu yakhrujuun min al-ijtimaa*
TR7.6
istamarrat al-mudiira ta*mal fii maktabi-ha Hattaa al-masaa'
TR7.7
qad *araftum al-Haqiiqa al-'aan
TR7.8
qad tusaafiriin 'ilaa dimashq ghadan
TR7.9
al-mujtami*uun yakaaduun yaSiluun 'ilaa ittifaaq
TR7.10
maa ziltu 'a*mal mudarrisan fii hadhihi al-madrasa
8. Preposition groups (abbr.: g) -> top
TR8.1
al-rajul min tuunis
TR8.2
saafartu b-il-Taa'ira
TR8.3
kayfa saafarta 'ilaa miSr?
TR8.4
min 'ayna 'anti?
TR8.5
al-kutub fawq al-Taawila
TR8.6
al-ra'iis yaSil ba*d ghadan
TR8.7
al-rajul la-hu 'ibnaan
TR8.8
sha*ru-haa 'aswad k-al-layl
TR8.9
hal tuHibbuuna al-qahwa biduun sukkar?
TR8.10
saa*adatu-hum min khilaal 'aHad al-'aSdiqaa'
TR8.11
saafaruu l-il-*amal fii al-kuwait
TR8.12
lan 'uqaabila-haa ba*d al-yawm
TR8.13
al-maktaba laysat fii-haa kutub jadiida
TR8.14
lam 'uqaabil-hu mundhu waqt Tawiil
9. Noun clauses (abbr.: cl) -> top
TR9.1
dhakara muraasil al-jariida 'anna al-ijtimaa* qad bada'a
TR9.2
hal sami*tum 'anna al-imtiHaan kaana sahlan jiddan?
TR9.3
qaala al-mudarris 'inna-hu mariiD
TR9.4
yaquul al-mudarris 'inna al-imtiHaan sahl
TR9.5
'anaa miSriy lakinna zawjat-ii lubnaaniyya
TR9.6
min al-ma*ruuf 'anna tuunis balad jamiil jiddan
TR9.7
tataSarraf ka'anna-haa bint Saghiira
TR9.8
lam yaHDur 'ilaa al-madrasa al-yawm li'anna-hu mariiD
TR9.9
yajib 'an taghsil yaday-ka qabla al-'akl
TR9.10
kaana yajib *alay-kum 'an tastaqbiluu-hum fii al-maTaar
TR9.11
lam 'asmaH la-ka bi-'an tanSarif al-'aan
TR9.12
'a-turiidaan 'an tata*allamaa al-lugha al-arabiyya?
TR9.13
hiya laa tastaTii* 'an tatakallam al-lugha al-yaabaaniyya
TR9.14
laa yumkinukum 'an tudakhkhinuu fii al-Saf
TR9.15
hal tuHibbiin 'an tushaahidii al-'aflaam al-'ajnabiyya?
TR9.16
'anaa a*mal mudarrisan 'amma zawjat-ii fa-ta*mal Tabiiba
TR9.17
'anaa a*mal mudarrisan 'amma zawjat-ii fa-Tabiiba
TR9.18
al-jaw fii al-Sayf daafi' 'amma fii al-shitaa' fa-baarid jiddan
10. Relative clauses (abbr.: cl) -> top
TR10.1
al-mudarris alladhii yudarris al-iqtiSaad *iraaqiy
TR10.2
qaabaltu al-bint allatii ta*mal fii al-maktaba
TR10.3
'arsaltu rasaa'il 'ilaa kul al-'aSdiqaa' alladhiina ta*arraftu
*alay-him fii miSr
TR10.4
qaabaltu bintan ta*mal fii al-maktaba
TR10.5
qara'a fariid kitaaban ishtaraa-hu min maktaba al-jaami*a
TR10.6
kaana bayna-hum zaa'iran laa yatakallam al-lugha
al-*arabiyya
11. Adverbial clauses (abbr.: cl) -> top
TR11.1
kaanat 'ajmal qabla 'an tatazawwaj
TR11.2
'aSbaHa mashhuuran ba*da 'an nashara kitaaba-hu
TR11.3
naama al-walad ba*da 'an 'akala Ta*aama-hu
TR11.4
al-ra'iis yusaafir 'ilaa washinTun ba*da 'an yajtami* b-il-wuzaraa'
TR11.5
sawfa 'azuur faransaa ba*da 'an 'azuur iTaaliyaa
TR11.6
hal istaqbaltumuu-hum *indamaa waSaluu 'ilaa al-maTaar?
TR11.7
lan 'uqaabila-ki al-yawm Haythu 'uqaabilu-ki kul yawm
TR11.8
sawfa yuqaabilu-haa ghadan Haythu qaabala-haa 'ams
TR11.9
hal shaahadti-hi Hiina kharaja min al-Saf?
TR11.10
*indamaa HaDarat al-muwaZZafaat 'ilaa al-maktab kaana al-mudiir qad
inSaraf
Special Arabic constructions
12. Adverbials: absolute object
(abbr.: Aao) ->
top
TR12.1
zaada *adad al-sukkaan fii miSr ziyaadatan kabiiratan
TR12.2
ra'iis al-wuzaraa' yastaqbil al-mushaarikiin fii al-mu'tamar aHsan
istiqbaal
TR12.3
'aHtarim zawjat-ii kul al-iHtiraam
TR12.4
ba*da 'an ya'kul yanaam *amiiqan
13. Adverbials: object of purpose (abbr.: Aop) -> top
TR13.1
saafara 'ilaa al-sa*uudiyya baHthan *an *amal hunaak
TR13.2
kaana mu'tamaran naajiHan natiijatan li-juhuud al-mushaarikiin fii-hi
TR13.3
ji'tu 'ilaa al-qaahira Hubban fii ta*allum al-lugha al-*arabiyya
14. Adverbials: Haal-construction (abbr.:Ah) -> top
TR14.1
kharaja min al-Saf DaaHikan
TR14.2
kharaja min al-Saf Haamilan kutuba-hu
TR14.3
kharaja min al-Saf yaHmil kutuba-hu
TR14.4
kharaja min al-Saf wa huwa yaHmil kutuba-hu
TR14.5
al-waziira madlin 'ulbraayt taSil 'ilaa al-qaahira Haamilatan risaala
haamma min al-ra'iis klintun
TR14.6
raja*a 'ilaa baladi-hi wa qad HaSala *alaa shahaada al-duktuura
TR14.7
raja*uu 'ilaa baladi-him wa lam yaHSuluu *alaa al-duktuura
TR14.8
HaDara 'ilaa al-maktab wa ma*a-hu zawjatu-hu
TR14.9
shaahadtu al-walad waaqifan muntaZiran 'aSdiqaa'a-hu
TR14.10
kharajna wa hunna Haziinaat wa *udna wa hunna sa*iidaat
15. Adverbials of specification (abbr.: At) -> top
TR15.1
HaDara thalaathuuna Taaliban faqaT 'ilaa al-Saf
TR15.2
faransaa 'aqal 'intaajan l-il-sayyaaraat min al-yaabaan
TR15.3
'anaa 'akthar min-ka khibratan
TR15.4
zaadat al-qaahira sukkaanan
TR15.5
qanaat al-suways muhimma tijaariyyan wa istiraatiijiyyan
TR15.6
zara*tu al-Hadiiqa wardan
TR15.7
kam Taaliban fii al-madrasa?
16. Conditional clauses (abbr.: cl) -> top
TR16.1
'idhaa jaa'a al-mudiir takallamtu ma*a-hu
TR16.2
'idhaa kaana al-jaw jamiilan saafarnaa 'ilaa al-'iskandariyya
TR16.3
sawfa tushaahiduun al-'ahraam 'idhaa saafartum 'ilaa miSr
TR16.4
'in darasti najaHti
TR16.5
'in tadrusii tanjaHii
TR16.6
law darasa la-najaHa
TR16.7
law lam yadrus maa najaHa
TR16.8
law 'an-nii 'a*rifu 'anna al-Hubb khaTiir jiddan maa 'aHbabt
TR16.9
lan 'adhhab 'ilaa al-Hafla 'illaa 'idhaa ji'ta ma*-ii
TR16.10
sawfa tatazawwaja-hu Hattaa 'idhaa lam yuwaafiquu *alay-hi
TR16.11
'udrus tanjaH
17. Exceptions -> top
TR17.1
ma jaa'a 'illaa rajul
TR17.2
jaa'a jamii* al-Tullaab 'illaa Taalib
TR17.3
qara'tu jaraa'id al-yawm 'illaa jariida
TR17.4
najaHa al-Tullaab ghayr Taalib
TR17.5
lam yaSil al-zaa'iruun ghayr zaa'ir
TR17.6
maa najaHa ghayr Taalib
18.
Other constructions ->
top
TR18.1
maa 'ajmal al-Suura!
TR18.2
yaa-la-haa min 'imra'a!
TR18.3
qaabaltu al-rajul nafsa-hu al-yawm
TR18.4
sawfa yajii' al-Tullaab kullu-hum 'ilaa al-muHaaDara
TR18.5
ta*aawanna naHnu fii hadhaa al-*amal
TR18.6
lam takun qabiiHa faqaT bal sayi'a 'ayDan
Transliteration standard | Grammar page manual | Introduction to the VISL project
Links to Arabic resources | Introduction to the people behind the Arabic VISL
Questions and comments
Mahmoud Nadim Shakir & Gunna Funder Hansen, last updated: january 2000
Definitions:
there (is) a man in the book (there is) a
picture he walks
Definition - Noun
clause (abbr: cln):
A noun clause (also: nominal sentence or
jumla ismiya in Arabic) is a sentence which begins with a noun
or a pronoun. Sometimes there is a particle in front of the noun. The
noun / pronoun normally functions as the subject of the sentence (in
Arabic mubtada') while the rest of the sentence is termed
"predicate" (in Arabic khabar).
There are two main types of noun clauses:
1. Noun clause without verb (abbr: cln<-v>)
A "noun clause without verb" is a noun clause which does not
contain a verb: These kind of sentences often occur in Arabic, as the
verb "to be" is always omitted in the present indicative, for
instance:
the girl (is) beautiful
(are) you sudani?
Arabic does not allow a sentence to start with an indefinite noun: In
this case, the indefinite noun moves from a sentence initial position
to a post-predicate position. It still is a noun clause without verb,
though, even if the sentence begins with a preposition and a
noun.
with you a key? (=do you have a key?)
2. Noun clause containing a verb (abbr: cln<v>)
A "noun clause containing a verb" is a noun clause which contains
a verb congruous with the subject, for instance:
the girl lives there
my father will travel to America
Definition - Verb
clause (abbr: clv):
A verb clause (also: verbal sentence or jumla
fi*liya in Arabic) is a sentence which begins with a verb (in
Arabic fi*l). The verb either includes the subject or is
followed by an explicit subject (fa*il), for instance: he wrote
the man wrote
the man wrote a letter
A negated clause is a clause containing one of the
negative particles: laa, lam, lan, maa and
ghair, or the negative verb laysa, for instance: He doesn't like coffee
He didn't drink the coffee
He won't drink the coffee
He doesn't like coffee
He didn't drink the coffee
The coffe is not hot
There is no coffee in the cup (there is not in the cup
coffee)
Definition - groups: (abbr:
g)
A group is by definition a constituent which consists of a HEAD
(kerneled in Danish) with one or more DEPENDENTS.
Consequently, in ArabVISL there are only two functions possible
within the group: H (head) and D (dependent).
A group is recognized and labelled by the head of the group. In
Arabic there are four basic types of group:
- Adjective group
- Noun group
- Preposition group
- Verb group
- Adjective group
Head
- al-waajib jayyid jiddan
- tadrus akthar min al-laazim
- The homework (is) very good
- You study more than necessary
Dependant
- al-waajib jayyid jiddan
- tadrus akthar min al-laazim
- The homework (is) very good
- You study more than necessary
- Noun group
Head
- kitaabu-ka muthiir jiddan
- ishtaraa sayyara jadiida
- your book is very interesting
- he bought a new car
Dependant
- kitaabu-ka muthiir jiddan
- ishtaraa sayyara
jadiida
- your book is very interesting
- he bought a new
car
- Preposition group
Head
- mataa tadhhab 'ilaa al-qaahira?
- al-ra'iis clinton mashhuur fii al-*aalam al-*arabiy
- When do you go to Cairo?
- President Clinton (is) well-known
in the Arab World
Dependant
- mataa tadhhab 'ilaa al-qaahira?
- al-ra'iis clinton mashhuur fii al-*aalam al-*arabiy
- When do you go to Cairo?
- President Clinton (is) well-known in
the Arab World
- Verb group
Head
- sa-'arji* ba*d saa*a
- *indama waSaltu kaana al-film qad bada'a
- I will be back after an hour
- When I arrived the film had begun
Dependant
- sa-'arji* ba*d saa*a
- *indama waSaltu kaana al-film qad bada'a
- I will be back after an hour
- When I arrived the film had begun
Definition -
Subordinate clause (abbr: cls)
A subordinate clause is a sentence which functions as a constituent (subject, object, object of preposition, adverbial or as a dependant to a head) within a main clause. The clause functions within a subordinate clause are the same as those within main clauses with one addition: SUB.
Definition -
Adverbial: Absolute object (abbr:
Aao)
An absolute object (also: cognate accusative or maf*uul
muTlaq in Arabic) is a construction where the verb is followed by
its own verbal noun, e.g. "I helped him a great help", meaning "I
helped him a lot".
The absolute object is in the accusative case, as objects normally
are in Arabic, and therefore carries the suffix &endash;an in the
indefinite form. It functions, however, as a modifyer of the verb
&endash; a function which is normally termed "adverbial" in
traditional Western grammar. In order to catch the Western notion of
adverbial as well as the Arabic notion of object, we have labelled
the term "Adverbial: absolute object."
The absolute object may consist of a verbal noun alone or may occur
with an adjective, a demonstrative pronoun, a genitive or a
subordinate clause. In some cases, the verbal noun itself is omitted,
thus leaving e.g. an adjective alone as a cognate adverbial.
Definition -
Adverbial: object of purpose (abbr: Aop)
An object of purpose (also: accusative of
reasons or maf*uul lahu in Arabic) expresses the motive or the
reason why the verbal action takes place, or why the subject performs
the action (Cantarino, III, p. 172). The object of purpose can be
determined as the answer to the question "why" (limaadha in
Arabic).
The object of purpose is in the accusative case,
as objects normally are in Arabic, and therefore carries the suffix
&endash;an in the indefinite form. It functions, however, as a
modifyer of the verb &endash; a function which is normally termed
"adverbial" in traditional Western grammar. In order to catch the
western notion of adverbial as well as the Arabic notion of object,
we have labelled the term "Adverbial: object of purpose"
The object of purpose is usually a verbal noun which may be followed
by a preposition group, for instance:
The object of purpose in the accusative case can be replaced by the
preposition li- (in order to) and a sentence or a verbal noun, for
instance:
- fa*altu maa fa*altu li-hubbin li-bintii
Definition -
Adverbials: The Haal-construction or condition (Abbr:
Ah)
The Arabic Haal-construction (also: circumstancial
accusative or accusative of state or condition) expresses a temporary
circumstance of the noun to which it refers (Cantarino, II, p. 186),
for instance: "He came out of the house
smiling"
or "She watched him her mouth
open". It usually refers to the subject of the
sentence, though it can refer to objects or objects of prepositions
and occasionally to a whole statement. It can be determined as the
answer to the question "how" (kayfa).
The Haal is in the accusative case, which is the case used for
objects in Arabic, and therefore it carries the suffix -an in
the indefinite form. According to traditional Western grammar,
however, it has an adverbial meaning, so in order to catch the
western notion of adverbial as well as the Arabic notion of object,
we have labelled the term "Adverbial: haal"
The Haal is usually an active participle or a verbal noun (both
grammatically undefined) or a full clause introduced by wa
(and):
Definition - Adverbial
of specification: tamyiiz
An adverbial of specification most often consists
of a noun in the accusative, thus carrying the suffix -an in
the indefinite form, sometimes it is a noun followed by a preposition
group. The adverbial of specification specifies the status or action
expressed by the sentence. In opposition to the cognate adverbial and
most other adverbials of specific Arabic constructions, the adverbial
of specification is not necessarily derived from a verb, for
instance:
An important variant of the adverbial of specification is this: Nouns in connection with numerals. Note, that the noun is in this case considered an adverbial of specification - that is, a specification of the number in question, for instance:
A similar version is the specification of wheights and mesures like
raTal (a pint), jubb (a pot) etc.
Finally, to this class belongs also the accusative after the interrogation kam (how much, how many), for instance:
This last case is an example of how traditional Arabic grammar
sometimes conflicts with the traditional western approach.
Definition -
Conditional clause
A conditional clause is an adverbial clause expressing a conditional state. It contains one of the conjunctions 'idhaa, law or 'in. Note, that the conjunction is omitted if an imperative is used, for instance:
Under construction