GrammarSoft ApS

Conventionally, CG primary categories and tags are given in capital letters, for instance 'N NEU S' for a neuter gender noun in the singular.  Syntactic tags are function tags with a @-prefix and dependency arrows pointing towards the relevant head, for instance '@SUBJ> 'for a subject to the left of its predicator, or '@N<' for a post-nominal dependent. For teaching and constituent tree notation, VISL has adopted a slightly different convention, with capital letters for function categories and small letters for form categories. Subcategories are attached in small letters after the main category, for instance 'Od' or 'Oacc' for a direct (accusative) object, and 'v-inf' for a verb in the infinitive. Function and form categories are combined in composite symbols, e.g. 'S:np' for a subject that is a noun group. On the VISL website, you will typically meet the CG symbols in "vertical" word-for-word analysis, and the FUNCTION:form convention in graphical tree analysis. CG tags are easily converted into FUNCTION:form symbols by running a filter-program on the CG parser's output, and in the tables below, both tag types are listed, in blue and red, respectively.

Clause level arguments (valency governed)    ^TOP^

The VISL system has 5 basic clause level functions: 1 central verbal constituent, also called Predicator (P), and 4 non-verbal satellite constituents, Subject (S), Object (O), Adverbial (A)and Predicative, also called Complement (C), which is bound not only by the verb, but also by either a subject or an object constituent.

The non-verbal constituents can either be valency bound arguments or free adjuncts. In the VISL convention, the latter are marked by prefixing the letter 'f' to the capital function letter. Free constituents are mostly adverbials or predicatives: 'A', for instance, is a (valency bound) argument adverbial, 'fA' a free adjunct adverbial.

Most valency bound clause level constituent classes can be subdivided further:

Subjects:

• real subject (Sr), which is the unmarked default, an ordinary subject, in the nominative, if pronominal
• formal/provisional subject (Sf), which is a 'det' or 'der' filler for the subject place, later resumed by an Sr
• situational subject (Ss), which is a formal subject without a matching Sr

• direct or accusative object (Oacc), also Od, which is in the accusative, if pronominal, and has to occupy the second object slot if combined with an indirect (dative) object.
• indirect or dative object (Odat), also Oi, which is in the accusative, if pronominal, and has to occupy the first object slot if combined with a direct (accusative) object
• prepositional object (Op), which is in the accusative, if pronominal, and has the form of a prepositional phrase (pp) that cannot be substituted by a pronominal adverb - which would make it an adverbial (A).

• subject complement (Cs), which refers to and has gender/number agreement with the subject. Subject complements are valency bound by so-called copula verbs ('være', 'blive', 'hedde').  The prototypical form of predicatives is adjectival or nominal, and can be tested by substitution with 'slig'/'sådan' (adjectival) and 'det' (noun-like).
• object complement (Co), which refers to and has gender/number agreement with an obligatory direct (accusative) object. Object complements are valency bound by verbs like 'kalde', 'vælge ngn til', 'anse ngt for', often asking for pp-form. After passivized verbs from this class, object complements will turn into subject complements (Cs).
• subject adverbial (As) is an adverbial argument which predicates the subject. It can be regarded as a non-prototypical form of subject complement (Cs) with adverb- or pp-form, and can be form-tested by substitution with a pronominal adverb ('dér', 'dérhen', 'da', 'således', 'så længe', 'så meget'). Subject adverbials are based on the valency of certain verbs ('bo', 'vare', 'være', 'gå').
• object adverbial (Ao) is an adverbial argument which predicates an obligatory direct (accusative) object.  It can be regarded as a non-prototypical form of object complement (Co) with adverb- or pp-form. Object adverbials are based on the valency of verbs like ('sende', 'se', 'stille', 'sætte', 'lægge').

Clause level adjuncts (not valency governed)    ^TOP^

These are predicatives (complements) and adverbials not valency bound by the predicator. The basic distinction between free adverbials and free (subject) predicatives is that the former (fA) have adverb- or pp- or clause-form and can be substituted by pronominal adverbs, while the latter (fC) have adjective- or participle-form and can be substituted by 'slig'/'sådan'. Another distinction is semantic - adverbials (fA) add location, direction, intensity, modality etc. to a given state of affairs, while predicatives attribute features to a subject (or object).

Agent of passive constituents are here termed passive adjuncts (fApass). They are a n optional semantic representation of the subject in the active sentence, and not valency bound like objects normally are. Statement predicatives (fCsta) and vocatives (fCvoc) are not really dependents of the predicator, and thus not clause constituents in the same way as other adjuncts, but for the sake of notational coherence, they are here accepted into the free predicative group. Likewise, some extrasentential adverbs ('sgu', 'probably') and interjections have been forced into the free adverbial group (fA).
 

symbol	category	examples
fA ADVL	adjunct adverbial  adverbialadjunkt frit biordsled	Von Nauenburg stod altid (1) tidligt (2) op (3). I går (1) blev flyets sorte boks fundet på dybt vand (2). Han skar hurtigt (1) brødet over (2) med kniven (3). Sent tirsdag aften (1) var der endnu (2) ingen nyheder. Præsidenten regner med at sidde året ud.
fC (fCs) PRED	adjunct predicative  prædikativadjunkt frit omsagnsled (til grundled)	Når det er mørkt, svømmer hun altid nøgen. Trætte og skuffede trak de sig tilbage. Lille Jens har bygget det selv.
fApass [PASS]	passive adjunct  passivadjunkt	Byen blev lagt i ruiner af fjendtlige bombefly. MD Foods blev overtaget af svenske Arla.
fCsta S<	statement predicative  sætningsprædikativ	Et kuld bæverunger så dagens lys i går - noget, der ikke er set i Danmark i 1000 år. Jorden er rund, - hvad der ikke bør overraske nogen der har set horisonten eller Jupiter-månene.
fCvoc VOK	vocative adjunct  vokativadjunkt	Hjælp mig, Peter!  Oh Gud, hvorfor har du forladt mig?
fAtop TOP	topic constituent topic-konstituent	Maria, hun er sød. (subject topic) Peter, ham kender jeg godt. (object toppic)

Subordination and coordination (function)    ^TOP^

Subordinators (SUB), like relatives and interrogatives, head finite (rarely, averbal) subclauses, the difference being, that the latter (also) have constituent functions in the subclause that they would also have in a main clause, while the subordinator function tag (SUB) is used, where no other function applies, as is the case for subordinating conjunctions. A similar "dummy" function is needed for the clause body of averbal clauses (verb-less clauses), which in Danish only can be headed by very few subordinating conjunctions ('omend'), relative adverbs ('hvor') and predicative conjunctions ('end', 'som'). Here, the symbol SUB< is used for all but the clause header, unless one decides to assign a "real" clause function ("imagining" what it would be if there were a predicator), like Cs (subject complement) for 'hvor' in 'hvor muligt, ...'.

Coordinated units (cu), or paratagmata, consist of co-ordinatord (CO) binding together 2 or more conjuncts (CJT). Co-ordinators are usually co-ordinationg conjunctions, but can also be punctuation (, / -). Conjuncts have usually matching form and function, i.e. noun groups are co-ordinated with noun groups, direct objects with direct objects etc., but - in principle - everything goes. Consider, for instance, the form mismatch in 'han er klog (adj-CJT), meget opsat på at vinde (ap-CJT), og i alvorlig pengenød (pp-CJT)', and the crossed/combined function-match in 'han købte en hund til sønnen og en kat til datteren' .
 

symbol		category	examples
SUB SUB		subordinator  subordinator, subjunktional	Mange mente dog at jorden var rund som en pandekage. Skønt året var århundredets varmeste, rejste alle sydpå. En spurv i hånden er bedre end 10 på taget.
SUB< AS<		[averbal] clause body  sætningsstamme (indlederkomplement)	Hvor muligt, vil brandværnet indkalde ekstramandskab. Omend stadig uden mage, slog storken sig ned på taget.  Line har arbejdet som guide i flere år.
CO CO		coordinator  koordinator, konjunktional	Vi købte 3 brød, 10 boller og 5 kager.
CJT		conjunct konjunkt	En gammel men snu flodhest flygtede fra zoologisk have. Det står ikke klart om han kommer allerede i aften eller først i morgen.

Group level constituent function    ^TOP^

The VISL system uses three form levels: clause (cl) , group (g) and word form (w). The first two are complex forms with more than one constituent. Clauses have usually a verbal constituent (predicator), or - where not - at least a clause header (subordinator or relative), while groups don't.

At the group level, two main categories are distinguished, heads (H) and dependents (D), inspired by a dependency grammar perspective. Dependents can be modifiers (not valency bound) or arguments (valency bound). According to the type of heads and dependents involved, 4 structurally different group types can be distinguished:

• nominal group (np), which allows articles as modifier dependents ('det', 'den', 'de', 'et', 'en'). This is a hypotactic group with the prototypical head being a noun. However, almost all word forms can head an np, given the right premodifier ('den gamle', 'noget stort', 'hver af dem').
• adpositional group (ap), which subsumes the structurally similar adjective group (adjp) and adverb group (advp), and is defined by allowing intensifiers ad modifier dependents ('særdeles'). This is a hypotactic group with the typical head being an adjective, a participle or an adverb. However, other heads (even complex heads) are allowed, given the right premodifier ('meget få', 'mindst 5', 'meget mod sin vilje').
• prepositional group (pp), which is valency-headed by a preposition. This is often categorized as a katatactic group (without a head), since neither the preposition nor its argument can replace the whole group.
• conjunctional group (cp), which is headed by a conjunction, and modified by a premodifier. This is a very rare construction and only partially in use in the VISL-system.
• verb group (vp), which consists of a chain of dependency-linked verbs, of which the last is the main verb (MV, Vm), and the first may be finite (tense or mode inflected). All but the last verb are called auxiliaries (AUX, Vaux). Infinitives can have an infinitive marker (INFM) in the first position, but not in others. Verb groups may be disjunct, with different kinds of adverbials in different positions in different clause types. In the case of fronted constituents in finite clauses, the verb chain is broken by the subject (in second position, after the finite verb). In a simplified analysis, the idiosyncracies of verb chain structure may be circumvented by treating its elements as clause level constituents.

The first three, non-verbal group types can also be premodified by certain focus or operator adverbs ('især', 'endda', 'kun', 'ikke'), that are not typical of a specific group, and do not really attach to the group's head, but rather to the group as a whole, forming a kind of meta-group (np', ap', pp'). At present, this distinction is not yet integrated in the open corpus Danish VISL system.
 

symbol		category	examples
H - D		head <-> dependent  kerne <-> dependent	et (1) stort (2) træ uden penge sent (1) søndagaften (2)
D	DN DNmod DNarg >N, N<	adnominal adject  adnominaladjekt (H: noun or pronoun)	alle (1) hans (2) store (3) franske (4) biler (modifiers) pigen fra Venezuela (pp-modifier) han selv (pron-modifier) landsstyreformand Jonathan Motzfeldt (np-modifier)  ansøgningen om støtte til nyudgivelse (pp-argument) de forberedte salget af huset. (pp-argument) eksamen i dansk grammatik (pp-argument)
	DNapp APP	(adnominal) apposition  (nominal-) apposition	Apachernes høvding, Jerônimo, kendte området bedre end nogen anden. Johnny, din Brian, giv ham bogen tilbage! Per, familiens sorte får, blev aldrig inviteret.
	DNc N<PRED	predicative adject  prædikativadjekt	Mads besøgte trykkeriet, der endelig havde bogen klar. Bruden, træt af at vente, var for længst taget hjem. Ida, 17 år, og Rikke, 16, var med i aktivitetsdagen. Mette Ravnholt (SF) støttede også forslaget. Ministeren blev afsløret med snabelen i statskassen.
	DA DAmod DAarg >A, A<	adverbial adject  adverbialadjekt (H: adjective, adverb or determiner)	meget snart (modifier) tidligt nok (modifier) hun var jublende glad og blændende smuk (mod.) Ivan var stærk som en bjørn. (modifier) området var rig på guld (argument) bange for ikke at slå til (argument)
	DAcom KOMP<	argument of comparative  komparativkomplement	hun er smukkere end en flodhest. ministeren forekom mindre veloplagt end dagen før. han er lige så gammel som kæresten. Han cyklede så hurtigt at vinden rev hans hat af.
	DP DParg DPmod P<, >P	argument of preposition  præpositionsargument styrelse	mellem træerne (argument) uden at tøve (argument) næsten uden penge (modifier, focus marker)
DC >S		modifier of conjunction konjunktionsdependent	10 dage inden han skulle rejse

The verb group (verb chain)    ^TOP^
 

symbol	category	examples
Vm [FMV (1)] [IMV (2)]	main verb  hovedverbum	Jeppe plejer (1) at drikke (2) en del vin. Ingen har endnu set barnet.
Vaux [FAUX (1)] [IAUX (2)]	auxiliary  hjælpeverbum	Ingen har endnu set barnet. Marsvinene er (1) blevet(2) fodret allerede.
Vpart MV<	verb-integrated particle verbalpartikel	Du kan ikke trække momsen fra. Sommervejret bliver nok ikke ved.
INFM INFM	infinitive marker infinitivsmærke	Højt at flyve (1) er dybt at falde (2).
AUX<	argument of auxiliary auksiliarkomplement	Marsvinene er blevet(2) fodret (2) allerede.

Group forms    ^TOP^
 

symbol		category	examples
np	np propp pronp	noun phrase  nominalsyntagme nominalgruppe (D-test: article +)	Han var en mand som en bjørn. (np) Den gamle bedstemor sov i hængkøjen. (np) Der er tale om noget vi ikke har prøvet før (pronp) Hendes navn er Maria dos Santos. (propp)
adjp	adjp (ap) detp (ap)	adpositional phrase  adjektivsyntagme adjektivgruppe (D-test: særdeles +)	Træerne i haven var meget gamle. (adjp) Det er simpelthen ikke godt nok. (adjp) Da jeg kom, var der meget få kager tilbage (detp)
advp	advp (ap)	adverbial phrase  adverbiumssyntagme adverbiumsgruppe (D-test: særdeles +)	Internetforbindelsen kører særdeles stabilt. (advp) At programmere i C var mere tidskrævende end jeg havde troet (advp)
vp		verb phrase  verbalsyntagme verbalgruppe (H: main verb [semantically] or 1. auxiliary [dependency grammar])	Det ville have været dejligt med en kold guiness. Huset er (blevet) solgt til anden side. Den lille pige kom løbende med sin kanin. Han sad og sov i timen. Hvorfor har ingen fortalt mig det?
pp		prepositional phrase  præpositionssyntagme (H: preposition)	Han åbnede døren til fødestuen. Jeg har ikke noget imod udlændinge. Hedder hun Margarete af Danmark eller af Glücksburg? I 1997 flyttede vi til Vejle.
cp		conjunction phrase  konjunktionssyntagme (H: conjunction)	10 dage inden han skulle rejse, købte han en ny rygsæk.

Clause forms and parataxis    ^TOP^

Clauses are complex constituents that feature at least one verb or - where not - a clause header particle (subordinating conjunction or relative). According to the type of verbal constituent - or its absence - , three clause types are distinguished:

• finite clause (fcl), with a finite verb predicator, or a predicator verb chain headed by a finite auxiliary. Finite subclauses may or may not be introduced by a subordinator or a relative/interrogative constituent.
• non-finite clause (icl), with a non-finite verb predicator, or a predicator verb chain headed by a non-finite auxiliary.  Infinitive clauses (unless co-ordinated) have an infinitive marker before the leading infinitive, and possibly also an adverbial constituent left of the infinitive marker (e.g. 'når du har valgt aldrig at blive fed ....').
• averbal clauses (acl), which lacks a verbal constituent, and consists of a subordinator ('skønt', 'end') or relative adverb ('hvor') and a clause body or subordinator argument (SUB<). The latter may be assigned a more specific function (Cs, S, fA) by "reading" the clause as a regular deep structure "verbal" clause.

+ = inflects (word form category), +* = lexeme category
a few adverbs inflect for location and direction (LOC, DIR)
positive degree is not marked on adjectives and adverbs
nG = no gender, nN = no number, nD = no definiteness

Utterance function
 

symbol		category	examples
UTT	STA QUE COM EXC	utterance  ytring	Det gør ingenting. [statement] Skal du hjem allerede? [question] Vent! [command] Stakkels mig! [exclamation]
STA		statement  udsagn	Jorden er rund som en appelsin. Hun elsker elefanter, både levende og af træ. Din tur. Kl. 7. Tak.
QUE		question  spørgsmål	Hvem vil have en guiness? Har du ringet til kommunekontoret? Hvornår?
COM		command enunciado imperativo ordre	Stop det! Vil du ikke godt? Ud!
EXC		exclamation  udråb	Gud! Sikken ynde! Magen til dovenskab!

Valency tags for verbs (Anders Hougaard, Eckhard Bick)

#_V  <PRP^v-ADV+neut> falde af på den -> <på^v-af+den>
#_V  <PRP^vap-QUAL> se skævt til ngn -> <til^vap+QUAL>
#_V  <PRP^vap-QUAL> se stort på ngt -> <på^vap+QUAL>
#_V  <PRP^vap+QUAL> sidde godt/dårligt I det -> <i^vap+QUAL>
#_V  <PRP^vdtp> slynge ngn ngt i ansigtet -> <i^vdtp>
#_V  <PRP^vp-ADV> komme ind på -> <på^vp-ind> (inkorp)
#_V  <PRP^vp> tro på -> <på^vp> (-inkorp)
#_V  <PRP^vp-ADJ> have svært ved -> <ved^vp-svært>
#_V  <PRP^vp+INF> indvilge i at -> <i^vp+INF> (-inkorp)
#_V  <PRP^vp-være+INF> lade være med at gøre ngt -> <med^vp-være+INF>
#_V  <PRP^vp+r=selv> begynde for sig selv
#_V  <PRP^vp+en=frisk> begynde på en frisk
#_V  <PRP^vp-godt> ligge godt for ng -> <for^vp-godt>
#_V  <PRP^vpossp> gøre sit til -> <til^vpossp>
#_V  <PRP^vpr> bide fra sig -> <fra^vpr>
#_V  <PRP^vpr+selv> komme til sig selv -> <til^vpr+selv>
#_V  <PRP^vrp> forhøre sig om -> <om^vrp>, forgribe sig på -> <på^vrp> (-inkorp)
#_V  <PRP^vpreci> snakke forbi hinanden -> <forbi^vpreci>
#_V  <PRP^PRP^vptp> krible i fingrene efter ngt -> <efter^i^vptp>
#_V  <PRP^vtkp+fuld> have munden fuld af slik -> <af^vtkp+fuld>
#_V  <PRP^vtp> advare ngn mod ngt -> <mod^vtp>, advare ngn om ngt <om^vtp> (-inkorp)
#_V  <PRP^vtp+reci> pille noget fra hinanden -> <fra^vtp+hinanden>
#_V  <PRP^vtp-det> have det med ngt -> <med^vtp-det>
#_V  <PRP^vtp-ADV> bore ngt ind i ngt
#_V  <PRP^vtp+INF> afholde ngn fra at -> <fra^vtp+INF> (-inkorp)
#_V  <PRP^vtp> bane vej for -> <for^vtp>
#_V  <PRP^vtpr> bide ngt i sig -> <i^vtpr>
#_V  <PRP^vtp+r=selv> beholde noget for sig selv -> <for^vtp+r=selv>
#_V  <PRP^vtp-hovedet> bide hovedet af nogen <af^vtp-hovedet>
#_V  <PRP^PRP^vptp> unvandre fra DK til Canada -> <til^fra^vptp>
#_v  <+PRP^PRP^vprp-ude+selv> være ude af sig selv af ngt -> <+af^af^vprp-ude+selv>
#_V  <PRP^vtp+NEUT-ADV> gøre det af med ngn -> <+med^vtp+det-af>
#_V  <PRP^vtp+NEUT> gøre det i ngt -> <+i^vtp+det>
#_V  <PRP^vtp+NEUT-ADV> gøre det ud for -> <+for^vtp+det-ud>
#_V  <PRP^vp+NEUT> hakke i det <+i^vp+det>
#_V  <PRP^vrp-ADV> gøre sig til af -> <+af^vrp-til>
#_V  <+v+INF> have at [komme/løbe...]
#_V  <va+LOC> jeg bor her -> <va^LOC> (-inkorp)
#_V  <va+DIR> sendt til havs, gå hjem, komme ud -> <va^DIR> (-inkorp)
#_V  <va+QUANT> koste meget, veje tungt, vokse hurtigt -> <va-QUANT> (-inkorp)
#_V  <va+TEMP> vare længe -> <va-TEMP> (-inkorp)
#_V  <va+INST> rejse med tog
#_V  <va+DIST> gå over broen, løbe til ålborg, svømme derover -> <va+DIST> (-inkorp)
#_V  <vek+ADJ> slippe fri/løs
#_V  <vdt> aftvinge ngn ngt -> <vdt>
#_V  <+PRP^vdtp+N+ADJ> tude ngn ørenen fulde af -> <af^vdtp+ørene+fulde>
#_V  <vdt+INF> behage ngn at gøre ngt
#_V  <vi-ADV> ringe på, stå på -> <vi-på> (inkorp)
#_V  <vi-ADV+INF> komme op at slås -> <vi-op+INF>
#_V  <ve> ergative verber, VæRE-perfektum, er ankommet  -> <ve>
#_V  <vi> at ryge, løbe, græde -> <vi>
#_V  <vk> være glad, blive sur -> <vk>
#_V  <PRP^vkp> have godt af ngt <+af^vkp+godt>
#_V  <af^vtkp+fuld> have munden fuld af slik
#_V  <vtk+NEUT+ADJ> have det godt -> <vtk+det+ADJ>
#_V  <vtk+N> benævne ngn ngt -> <vtk+N> (tager kun navneord)
#_V  <vtk+ADJ> gøre ngn glad -> <vtk+ADJ> (tager kun adjektiver)
#_V  <vra+LOC> befinde sig her
#_V  <vra+DIR> knibe sig ud
#_V  <vra+QUAL> befinde sig godt
#_V  <vreci> supplere hinanden
#_V  <vr+DIR> grave sig op/gennem ngt/ud osv.
#_V  <vr+INF> forvisse sig at -> <vr+INF>
#_V  <vrk> erkende sig skyldig -> <vrk>
#_V  <vrt> vedkende sig ngt, modsætte sig ngt, pådrage sig ngt -> <vrt>
#_V  <vrt-ADV> sætte sig ngt for -> <vrt-for>
#_V  <vrt+byde> lade sig ngt byde
#_V  <vrt+N> bane sig vej -> <vrt+vej> (-inkorp)
#_V  <vt> monotrasitive verber
#_V  <vt-som=om> lade som om ngt aldrig er sket -> <vt-som=om>
#_V  <vi+ADJ> huske fejl -> <vt+fejl>
#_V  <vt+INF> have ngt at gøre med ngn/ngt
#_V  <vt+NEUT> jeg har det! -> <vt+det>
#_V  <vt+PCP1> have ngt/ngn liggende/boende ...
#_V  <vta+DIR> beordre ngn hjem, kaste ngt op, sende ngt væk -> <vta+DIR>
#_V  <vta+LOC> putte ngn i seng, sætte noget til side, stille ngt i skabet
#_V  <vta+QUANT> forhøje ngt med ngt (substitution test "meget/med ngt")
#_V  <vta+QUANT+mig=vel> bevar mig vel
#_V  <vt-ADV> bakke ngt op
#_V  <vt+INF> akkusativ m. infinitiv, befale ngn at -> <vt+INF>
#_V  <PRP^vtp+INF> beordre ngn til at -> <til^vtp+INF>
#_V  <x> infinitivstyrenede hjælpeverber (uden "at"), burde/kunne/måtte/skulle/ville komme
#_V  <x+PCP1> komme løbende -> <x+PCP1>
#_V  <x+PCP2> blive hængt/snydt -> <x+PCP2>
#_V  <Fv> foreløbigt subjekt
#_V  <Sv> situativt subjekt

Verbal semantics: Process-types: (Halliday, 1998, implemented by Anders Hougaard)

Material process <ma>

Noget der gøres, noget der sker
Roller: Actor, Goal
Hvad jeg gjorde var ... el. Hvad der skete var ...

Mental process <ment>

Noget der sanses, ses, føles, tænkes
- Roller: Senser, phenomenon
- *Hvad jeg gjorde var at acceptere forslaget
- two-way process: 'jeg nyder det' -> 'det gør mig glad'
- altid en person eller noget der personoficeret der er Senser

Relational process <relat>

- En relation etableres imellem to seperate 'enheder'
- Roller: Attribution: Carrier og Attribute; identification: identified/token og identifier/value

Existential process <exist>

Verbal process <verb>

Behavioural process <behave>

Adjectival valency (Anders Hougaard, Eckhard Bick)

<+PRP>, for instance rig <+på>,  glad <+for>, tilfreds <+med>

Adjectival syntactic classes and semantics (Anders Hougaard)

<postmod>, postmodificerende (angives kun hvis adjektivet kun kan være postmodificerende <mod3>)
<præmod>, præmodificerende (default, angives ikke)
<pred>, predicative: Manden er alene - *Den alene mand
<att>, attributive: Alskens ting og sager fra gamle dage - *Ting og sager er alskens.
<predet> Jeg er træt af al den snak
<jj>, ad-adjectival, adjectives that modify other adjectives

Modificational zone (ref. Carl Bache & Niels Davidsen-Nielsen)

<mod1>, zone 1 (specificational): hendes egen smukke franske officer, bestemte alvorlige organiske sygdomme
<mod2>, zone2 (descriptional): hendes egen smukke franske officer, bestemte alvorlige organiske sygdomm
<mod3>, zone3 (classificational): hendes egen smukke franske officer, bestemte alvorlige organiske sygdomme

all adjectives in '-isk' are <mod3>,
all <mod3> adjectives become <mod2> when degree inflected: den meget franske officer
when appearing after indefinit pronouns, adjectives are postmodifying <mod3>

Special extras:

<prefix>, e.g. blanko
<suffix>, e.g. minded
<C>, creative, e.g. mejerigtig

Domains and domain fillers

(implemented, documentation upcoming)

Nominal valency

<+PRP>, e.g. spørgsmål <+om>, besked <+fra>, forsøg <+på>, krig <+mod>, vrede <+over>, bidrag <+til>, mulighed <+for>
<PRP+>, e.g. vildrede <i+>
<+num>, e.g. bind 1
<num+>, e.g. cm, kilogram, krone, procent
<+n>, takes proper noun complement, e.g. restaurant, projekt, sang, internetbutik
<title>, e.g. fru, hr., dr.phil.

Nominal semantics

Case roles (a la Fillmore)

Semantic prototypes (partially redefined PALAVRAS categories, L. Hegelund 2001 and E. Bick 2001-2009)

Below we list the semantic prototypes used in the DanGram parsing system, in alphabetic order. Each tag is followed by a short definition and examples in Danish. Additional definition and exemplification - as developed within the project timeframe -  can be found by clicking the tag in question. For an explanation of the information provided, please see here. Though the categories were independently developed already in 1996, they are very similar in number and type to the ones introduced by the European SIMPLE project (e.g. Italian) and in the DanNet project (2008-2009).

For a short recount of the seminal semantic prototype project in 2001, please see the Semantic Prototype Project Description. For a type-ordered overview, please compare also the semantic prototype overview of DanGram's Portuguese sister project PALAVRAS.

Tag category	Definition	Examples
A	Animal	flodhest,jagtbytte, padde, lykkedyr, omstrejfer, udyr
AA	Animal group	bisværm, forspand, fuglevildt, hjord, hundekobbel
AB	Bacterium, microorganism	amøbe, bakterie, herpesvirus, listeria, mikrobe, salmonella, værtsorganisme
ac	Abstract, countable
ac-cat	Abstract category	adjektiv, aorist, betingelsesbiord, c-mol, durskala, hiat, konnotation, tautologi
ac-sign	Abstract sign	altnøgle, blanktegn, cedille, dos-prompt, kendingsbogstav, my, snabel-a, svastika, tøveprik, versal
act	Act
act-c	Act, countable
act-m	Act, mass
act-s	Speech act	opfordring, bebrejdelse
act-talk	Speech, talk activity	diskussion, drøftelse, elevsamtale, interview, småskænderi
Adom	Domesticated animal, pet	angoraged, avlshoppe, droschehest, førerhund
Aent	Insect	borebille, humlebi, målerlarve
Aich	Fish, water animal	brændegople, musling, sæl, torsk
am	Abstract, mass
amount	Amount	favnfuld, hoben, humpel, håndfuld, klat, kopfuld, maskinfuld, nip, portion
Amyth	Mythical animal	drage, fantasidyr, midgårdsorm
an	Anatomy	hjerteregion, håndled, kønsåbning, mellemfod
anbot	Plant anatomy	bægerblad, frøkappe, grankogle, limeskal, mynteblad, selleritop
anent	Insect anatomy	brod, dækvinge, flueben, thorax, vinge
anfeat	Anatomy: physical, discrete features	braknæse, dievorte, fingeraftryk, filipens, gedeskæg, hudlap, hestehale
anich	Fish (water animal) anatomy	bufinne, gatfinne, gælle, hvaltand, muslingeskal, sildeben
anmov	Anatomy: moveable parts
anorg	Anatomy: organs and muscles	bitestikel, blindtarm, bruskvæv, bugspytkirtel, lillehjerne
anorn	Bird (air animal) anatomy	fjerdragt, hønsetarm, kråse, ravnenæb
anost	Bones	falanks, fodrodsben, hofteled, kranievæg, kæbeben, menneskeknogle
anzo	Animal (earth) anatomy	mellemmave, slangehoved, snabel, sneglehus, æselryg
Aorn	Bird	brevdue, duefalk, fjerkræ, grønspætte, gøgeunge
Azo	Animal (earth animal)	beagle, brontosaurus, egern, gnaver, husmus
B	Plant	dyndurt, engelskgræs, foderplante, giftplante, græs
BB	Plant group, location defined by plantation	fyrreskov, jordbærbed, jungle, mangrove, rækkehushave, spinatbed, tajga
Bbush	Bush	egekrat, gyvel, merian, slåenbush
Bflo	Flower	gøgelijle, julerose, lotus, okseøje, orkideplante
Btree	Tree	balsatræ, bjergfyr, palme
build	Building, structure	fjeldhytte, fyrtårn, hacienda, iglo, laptelt, lavbro, længe, shelterdæk, triumfbue
cc	Physical object
cc-fire	Fire object	blus, gasflamme, ildsøjle, lynbrand, mordbrand, ligbål, svejseflamme
cc-h	Artifact
cc-org	Organic object	avne, birkebark, blad, fyrrekogle, spindelvæv, torn, æg
cc-round	Little round object	bautasten, danekræ, flintesten, gren, jade, juvel, lapis, smykkesten, tigerøje
cc-stick	Long thin object	bambusstav, blomsterpind, bøgebrænde, drivtømmer, rafte, spån, trækævle, ønskekvist
clo-?	Accessories	amulet, briller, hattenål, korkbælte, manchetknap, sølvsmykke
cloA	Animal clothing	loppehalsbånd, sadel, seletøj, skaberak, valrap
cloH	Human clothing	flyverhjelm, gasmaske, harnisk, herrelingeri, jumper, kittel, kvindetøj, lærredsbukser
cm	Natural substance: unshaped mass entity
cm-h	Human-made substance
cm-liq	Liquid substance	afløbsvand, badevand, bugspyt, cellesaft, citrussaft, fortynder, fødevand, harpiksolie, nektar, mælkesyre, plasma
cm-liq-h	Liquid, human-made substance	blegevand, brændselsolie, eddikelage, epoxymaling, finsprit, fyringsolie, hårshampoo, lotion, lud, normalbenzin, politur
col	Color	almuefarve, baggrundsfarve, brunhed, gylden, kohl, laksefarve, purpur, skarlagen, sepia, signalfarve, sort, turkis
con	Container	flyttekasse, grøntsagsskuffe, indkøbstaske, junge, kagetallerken, kop
conv	Convention	akkordaftale, arbejdsregel, asylret, byggeskik, formailia, registerlovgivning, skik, sprognorm, sædvane, tradition, ægtepagt
cur	Currency	rand, real, rupee, unse, yen, zloty, øre
dance	Dance	borddans, charleston, gigue, gogo, nøgendans, polka, polonæse, sjæler
dir	Direction	bagbord, færdselsretning, nord, sydsydvest, venstre, øst
domain	Domain	børnepsykiatri, drømmeforskning, edb-teknik, ejderpolitik, eskimologi, fagvidenskab, folkemedicin
drink	Drink	gudedrik, kildevand, mælk, næringsvæske, opkvikker, tevand
drink-c	Drink: countable	drik, forfriskelse, forfriskning
drink-c-h	Drink: countable, human-made	hjertestyrkning, hybenkradser, kaffetår, opstrammer, mælkeprodukt
drink-h	Drink: human-made	coca-cola, elskovsdrik, espresso, heksebryg, kaffefløde, maltøl
drink-m	Drink: mass	drikke, komælk, modermælk, råmælk
drink-m-h	Drink: mass, human-made	honningmælk, mjød, rævepis, sake
dur	Duration of time
event	Natural events: non-human agents
event-c	Natural events: non-human agents, countable
event-m	Natural events, non-human agents, mass
f	Feature	abeskønhed, alderdomstegn, anormalitet, beskedenhed, bidskhed, bindeevne, dansk-norsk, kejtethed, kvalitet, modstandskraft, pølsethed, særkende, træthed, uformuenhed, uægthed, ækelhed
food	Food, edible	lam, rosmarin, t-bone-steak, vildt
food-c	Food: countable	hasselnøddekerne, hvidløgsfed, oksebøf, råvare
food-c-h	Food: countable, human-made	bolle, chokoladekanin, frankfurter, isterning,
food-h	Food: human-made	dyreragout, gedeost, hyggemiddag, kefir
food-m	Food: mass	bacon, føde, hestekød, kogeflæsk, restemad
food-m-h	Food: mass, human-made	atamon, grovmel, fars, havregrød, lørdagsslik
f-phys	Physical feature	antændelsestemperatur, arrethed, asfaltboble, behårethed, boligstand, flydeevne, goldhed, isagtighed, isolationsevne, jakkelomme, kjolesøm
f-phys-h	Human physical trait	kæmpeskikkelse, røntgenblik, skæggethed, smidighed, stamina, sult, trællemærke
f-psych	Psychological feature	intuition, jeg-følelse, kækhed, martyrmine, melankolskhed, målbevidsthed, panik, realitetssans
f-right	Social property/right	aftaleret, berufsverbot, copyright, embargo, erstatningspligt, forsamlingsfrihed, fuldmagt, parkeringsforbud, selvbestemmelse, tillægsbevilling
fruit	Fruit, vegetable, nut, etc.	blomkål, hvidløg, majs, okra, selleri
fruit-c	Fruit etc.: countable	bittermandel, kartoffel, grøntsag, ribs, foderroe
fruit-m	Fruit etc.: mass	citrongræs, dild, kinaløg, pibeløg, spinat, yams
furn	Furniture	foldevæg, hundekurv, linnedskab, marokkopude, reol, solarium
game	Play, game	kortspil, mausel, mikado, stangtennis, strippoker, yatzy
geom	Geometrical form	cirkelbue, fraktal, heksagon, kegleform, oval, pentaeder, siksaklinie, syvkant, udsnit, vinkelben
group	Group	nøglebundt, perlerække, produktgruppe, regelsæt, skudsalve, stjernehob, tandempar
H	Human being, person
Hfam	Family member, relative	grandkusine, mor, plejeforælder, slægt, ægtefælle, ætling
HH	Human group	eksekutivkomite, fløjparti, fredskorps, hjælpetjeneste, idrætsklub, kokainmafia
Hideo	Follower or performer of ideology, religion, arts etc.	kommunist, kubist, moralist, muslim, mystiker, purist
Hmyth	Mythical, fictional person	haltefanden, julemand, krigsgud, mosekone, spøgelse, supermand
Hnat	Person with specific geografic, political, ethnic, national, etc. features	buskmand, chicano, EF-borger, fynbo, halvjøde, indlænding, hjemmetysker, jydetamp
Hprof	Professional
inst	Institution: topological place as well as (potential) human agent	aftenhøjskole, andelsmejeri, billedgalleri, borgmesterkontor, departement, dansebule, folketing, forvaltning, jernbane, kammerråd, klinik, musikforretning, politi, radiostation, socialforsorg
ism	Movement of thought	rundbuestil, senmodernisme, shiisme, trosretning, voodoo, zen, økologi
L	Location
Lcover	Cover location
Lh	Human-made location
ling	Language	hindi, kaudervælsk, nynorsk, rigsdansk, tonesprog, tegnsprog
Lmyth	Mythical location	lykkeland, parnas, perleport, underverden
Lpath	Path location
Lpic	Picture location
Lstar	Star location
Lsurf	Surface location
Ltip	Tip location
Ltop	Topological location
Ltrap	Trap location
Lwater	Water location	badested, fjord, geyser, indsø, mergelgrav, reservoir
mat	Natural material	korkeg, kvartsit, lambswool, læder, mahogni, naturmateriale
mat-h	Artifactual (human-made) material	drivtømmer, fleece, glasfiber, guldlame, karduspapir, krystalglas
meta	Meta term: transparent	sammenrend, strejf, særversion, type, udpluk, undergruppe, væld
mon	Monetary term
mon-c	Monetary term: countable	fedterøvstillæg, erstatningssum, fragtrate, giroindbetaling, lærerlønning, luftpostfrimærke
mon-m	Monetary term: mass	arbejdsløn, bibliotekspenge, fædrenearv, kontanthjælp, læsegæld, porto
occ	Occasion
opening	Opening, object with opening
p	Cognitive act	anelse, association, associering, erindringsglimt, fornemmelse
part	Part of whole
per	Period of/in time
percep	Perception
percep-l	Perception: can be heard
percep-o	Perception: can be smelled	odør, parfume, roll-on, stinkbombe, velduft
percep-t	Perception: can be felt	kildren, krablen, sitren, spjæt, spasme, sting, ve, ømhed
percep-taste	Perception: can be tasted	smagsoplevelse, smagsprøve, syrlighed, sødmefuldhed, sødme
percep-w	Perception: can be seen	aftendæmring, efterårsmørke, flammeskær, gadebelysning, glimt, hallunication
repr	Representation: graphics and other symbols
sem	Semiotic artifact
sem-c	Cognitive fact: result of cognitive/mental process	historieteori, indbildning, jordspekulation, livsanskuelse, livsløgn, mødeplan, revurdering, påfund
sem-l	Semiotic: something to listen to
sem-r	Semiotic: something to read
sem-s	Speech product
sem-w	Semiotic: something to watch
sick	Disease
sick-c	Disease: countable	alkoholsygdom, blist, brandbyld, fobi, HIV-infektion, hjernetumor, hvepsestik
sick-m	Disease: mass	aids, bronkitis, hjertebanken, kræft, migræne
sit	Situation	fejde, krise, opgør, oprør, opstand, strejke, strid
sport	Sport	dressurridning, fægtning, højdespring, military, spring
temp	Temporal term
tool	Tool
tool-cut	Tool for cutting	hugvåben, kokkekniv, krumsabel, savklinge, skæreblad, spid
tool-mus	Musical instrument	alpehorn, basun, cello, elbas, flygel, kastagnet, klokkespil, lirekasse
tool-sail	Tool for sailing
tool-shoot	Tool for shooting	langbue, luftværnskanon, maskinpistol, skræmmevåben, slynge, snaphane, vandpistol
tool-tie	Tool for binding	ankertov, gavebånd, hampreb, hundesnor, høstbindingsgarn
unit	Unit of measurement
V	vehicle	befordringsmiddel, benzinsluger, ekspres
Vair	Airborne vehicle	fragtfly, raket, ufo
Vground	Ground vehicle	fodervogn, hyrevogn, løbehjul, plæneklipper
VV	Group of vehicles	flotille, flåde, armada
Vwater	Water vehicle	bilfærge, enerkajak, ubåd
wea	Weather
wea-c	Weather: countable
wea-m	Weather: mass
wea-rain	Weather: precipitation
wea-wind	Weather: wind

Adverbial valency and subtypes (Eckhard Bick)

<+PRP>, for instance forud <+for>, nord <+for>
<rel> , relative adverb, e.g. som, hvorved, hvorpå
<interr>, interrogative adverb, e.g. hvornår, hvordan
<aloc>, location-adverb, e.g. hjemme, her, overalt
<adir>, direction-adverb, e.g. hjem, derhen, frem, tilbage, udadtil
<atemp>, temporal adverb, e.g. nogensinde, altid, i=dag, nu
<aquant>, intensifier adverb, e.g. meget, særdeles, nogenlunde
<meta>, meta (commenting/modulating) adverb, e.g. måske, muligvis, næppe, simpelthen, sandelig
<setop>, set operator adverb, e.g. kun, også, ikke
<kc>, conjunctional adverb, e.g. så, derfor